Why Teams Reach Goals Better Than Individuals - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2770 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Team and Types of Teams 3. Advantages of Teams in organisation 4. Team Effectiveness 4. 1 Organisational Team Environments 4. 2 Team Design Elements 4. 3 Team Processes 5. Self Directed and Virtual Teams 6 Disadvantages of Team work used in organisation 7 Conclusion 1 Introduction The initial part of this report consist the definition of a Team and the different kinds of teams found in organisations. Next the advantage of a team’s followed by the several models and theories on how to accomplish team effectiveness would be discussed. Finally the conclusion will be on the drawbacks of the team work based tasks in organisations, and the mechanisms to improve and minimize the disadvantages. Thus all these theories and issues will be supported by practical examples to affirm that people working in teams always achieve their goals more efficiently and effectively than people working alone. Team and Types of Teams Team means when two or more people are formed to achieve or accomplish a specific goal by coordinating and working interdependently with each other. In the world of sports for example if its hockey, football or basketball shooting the ball to the goal, but in organisations the goal becomes a target such as meeting the customer needs or accomplishing software project. However in an organisation teams are created for long and short interactions. M Heathfield 2008 para. 1. However the American founder of Ford Motor Company also believe that â€Å"Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success† († https://thinkexist. com/quotes/henry_ford/ ) which manifests the concept of team work in organisations has been utilised from a long ago. Presently number of local and international organisations such as Erogan Energy Queensland, Royal Dutch Shell, Coca-Cola Amatil uses the team work concept. Mc Shane, Olekalns Travalione 2010,p. 299,310 315) However depending on the tasks, function, type, practices, knowledge and organisational rationales there are various kinds of teams in organisations. Employees who contains similar skills and has parallel task who are located in the same office are identified as Departmental Teams, for example in an apparel manufacturing environment the production and the quality checking sections are located together as the two functions are interdependent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Teams Reach Goals Better Than Individuals" essay for you Create order Advisory Teams are formed to make recommendations for an organisations resolutions these teams can be formed temporary or permanently for example if an company needs to implement ISO standard initially there would have to be an advisory team which is normally formed by managers of each departments , overall ISO officer and an ISO consultant externally. This team’s task would be to establish the company practices to obtain the ISO standard within a period of time. Once the organisation obtains the Certification the main task of this team ceases. Further Leadership Teams, Task Force Teams, Skunkworks, Self Directed Teams and Virtual Teams are some more examples. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010,p. 301) 3 Advantages of Teams in organisation According to the recent research shows that most of the companies are emphasising on team work based environments in organisations. Further Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione states that out 1760 professional almost 86 percent agreed that working in a team is more successful for a business. (2010,p. 303) It is stated that in most organisation working in teams provide enhanced accuracy, quality output and services. When employees are working together as a team they are more motivated than working alone. This is because they are more closely monitored by their own team members than their supervisor therefore all members put their maximum effort to do the task. For example in apparel manufacturing environment the machine operators which belonging to one single line are designed to work as a team. Each machine operator stiches only part of an apparel and it is passed to the other operators to stitch the other parts. In this process if one operator stiches part of the apparel in an improper manner and passed on it would be not be continued by other operators, because at the end of the day number of damages in all lines are monitored. Thus no one wants to let their team down so the operators perform their duties with care. This additionally compares each team members performance and each line performance. When employees work in team they build bonds and this becomes very strong if the team is part of employee’s social identity. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010,p. 03) Further these teams try to do better than the other teams . Refer to the apparel manufacturing environment these production lines are given different name such as Line A, B,C, D and E. Each line works as a team to be the best production line delivering quantity and quality apparels. In working in teams the work is distributed equally and each member does not get overloaded with work, further when it is a team effort everyo ne tends to facilitate each other as opposed to working alone, as individual’s working independently tends to becomes self-centred. Further when many people are working together time consumption taken to complete the task are less plus team members within the company becomes knowledgeable as the knowledge is spread around by each member communicating their views. According to research when working in a team individual’s tends to learn concepts faster. This is because of the experience and the knowledge of the older team members facilitates the new members to gather the important elements of the duties faster, which may result it minimising the errors that new members are most probable to make. Team Effectiveness However it is important that team work based organisations concentrate on making teams which are effective and not teams which fail to achieve the given objective or goal. Is stated a team is effective when it benefits the organisation, its members and its own survival. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010,p. 305) This denotes that the members of the team must give their fullest commitment to esta blish the target given to them by the organisation which inevitably would bring success and benefits to the team members. Having a committed team is an important element in maintaining team effectiveness specially where there is some kind of turmoil when reaching the goals. Over the years there are number of models developed by researches to discover the factors to make team work more effective than others. Figure 4. 1 and Figure 4. 2 manifest recently developed models. Figure 4. 1 Source: Team Effectiveness Model Figure 4. 2 Source: Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 305 The model which manifest from figure 4. is based on number of theories and it would be discussed further. 4. 1 Organisational Team Environments This means all factors which effect outside the teams borders. It is observed that if all team members are rewarded for their achievement they are more motivated work together. For example referring to the apparel manufacturing environment all machine operators who were in the best production line is rewarded by a monthly bonus. Communication is also a very important to enhance team effe ctiveness. This is important to organisations are dealing with information technology. When the teams are organised in a structure near work is processing it increases a bond between team members as it develops interdependency among each team members and it minimise the contacts outside the teams. Further when team members are working on a goal it is necessary that there is an organisational leader who guides the team. In the apparel manufacturing environment the Line Supervisor or failing the Line leader role is the individual who guides each line. The team members have to feel that they are part of a team and therefore it is important that the physical arrangement in an organisation is created in a manner that all team members are together. For example in the apparel manufacturing environment the all production lines and the quality departments are in the same physical layout as there are considered the production team, which ultimately gives products with good quality and more quantity. This method is also practice by the Toyota Motor Company as well. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010,p. 06) 4. 2 Team Design Elements When team designers are designing a team they need to focus on certain key elements such as task characteristics, team size team composition and team roles. In task characteristic it is important that team members perform their task by sharing certain elements in the organisation. This could be sharing information, knowledge, finances, raw materials and expertises. This is known as task interdependence. There are three type of task interdependence. The lowest form interdependence is pooled interdependence . In this instances employees are considered a team because they share and utilises the same machinery, material or in certain instances all employees are under the same budget. In the apparel manufacturing environment in normal instances the Merchandising and Purchasing departments work individually but all these departments share the same budget and same administration. Next is sequential Interdependence this contains high in interdependence. In this form output of one entity becomes a direct input of another entity. In the apparel manufacturing surroundings complete apparel (production) which is a finished output by a production line becomes a direct input in the quality departments as a team of quality control officers and auditors begins checking for damages. However the reciprocal interdependence in the highest stage of task interdependence. In this the output is exchanged back and forth among all units. This kind of interdependence is needed for organisations which creates and designs new goods and services. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010,p. 308) Team size is also an important element in designing a team because in certain instances when the team gets bigger there are is a high chance of passengers rather than drivers. The team should be a balanced where the decisions could be taken speedily states the Jim Hassell, former managing director of Sun Microsystems in Australia and New Zealand. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 308). Even in the apparel manufacturing one production line is limited to dozen members. If an organisation needs teams which are successful the team members need to have the ability to work in a team. It is observed that there are certain important key elements that team members to process to be in a team. This is called the five C’s. Cooperating, Coordinating, Communicating, Comforting and Conflict resolving. In a team its is essential that team members have these qualities. Example in apparel manufacturing if machine operators does not have these qualities they fail to give a good production. For example if one machine operator in stitching damages the other operators need to communicate to it to their team member. It is been observed that there are certain advantages to have team members from diverse backgrounds. Members from different surroundings tend to see problems and solve it in different angles. Further the there would also be a wider technical competencies. The more representation is the better for any organisation. For example in apparel manufacturing the members of the Purchasing Departments most of the time deal with suppliers from all around the world especially from countries like China and Taiwan. In this instance having a team member from Chinese would become a real advantageous for the Purchasing team. 4. 3 Team Processes In Team process team development is considered as one important element. Studies manifest that before a team start working towards one goal, time should be taken to develop these teams. There is popular model which was created by number of theories in developing a team. It has different stages named Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing and Adjourning. These stages are interconnected. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 313). Team Norms are a set of informal rules to control team members’ behaviours, which is also important for the Team processes. Different gesture and cynical comments of team members if the work is not completed on time is example. Team Cohesion is another element important to team processes. This mean there must be certain factors that team members are motivated to be in the team. When people are from the same surroundings this is manifested in the South Asian apparel manufacturing companies where many machine operators are from rural parts of each countries. When team size is smaller each member has their part to do and they feel they are appreciated when the goal is reached. It is also important that the teams meet regularly and the standards of each team is at higher level where there is a completion to get into the team. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 17-318) Team trust is also important in trying to promote team based work force in a company. There are three different types of trust found in team trust. Calculus-based trust, Knowledge –based trust and Identification Trust and these are all important for the team trust. However the above stated team effectiveness models was stated for und erstanding how team works in an organisation. But presently there are two types of teams that had become important among OB experts that are Self Directed Teams and Virtual Teams. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 320) 5 Self Directed and Virtual Teams In Self Directed teams employees finish an entire piece of work with the least amount of management interference. These teams have more autonomy and time which is been spend to make product is very less. Is meets the clients demands effectively. This kind of teams are found in companies such as ALCOA Australia, Davo Light Power Co in Philippines, Western Australia Income Revenue Department. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 320) In Virtual Teams members are in different parts of the world they are connected through information technology, number of Information Technology based companies uses this kind of teams. Disadvantages of Team work used in organisation Like every concept people working in a team also contains disadvantages. One of the main disadvantages of team work is called process losses. This means that an organisation has to spend more time and finances on team building. If one team member leaves the group then that organisation has to build again as rather than an individual leaving the organisation. In certain instances adding more members to a certain project could only be making it slower. This is called Brooks Law. In certain instances certain team members intend to not put their best effort because it is a team project, this also known as Social Loafing. Further when people are working together since the responsibility is collective the responsibility put by . each team member could be less. This could have bad repercussions like teams not fulfilling their duties. (Sorrow M Team Work Advantages and Disadvantages). Personal conflict can also hamper the team work goals because this would lead to unwanted conflicts among the team members. There number of problems that arise in team decision making. Production blocking means that there are many people s views to be considered in working in a team and taking decisions. This results in more time being taken to come to agreement. Plus in certain instances members in the group may not put their proper point of view as they might think that such would be considered stupid by other members. 7 Conclusions Even though there are number of disadvantages that arises when teams works together it is been stated that these disadvantage could be overcome by organisations using different types of mechanisms to improve their team building. There are four structures in enhancing team decision makings and they are known as constructive conflicts, brainstorming, electronic brainstorming and nominal group technique. Constructive conflicts means that members focus on their discussion while respecting other peoples decisions. Brainstorming means team members have face to face meetings but they are not allowed to criticise each other. In electronic brain storming members share creative ideas through networking and nominal group techniques means variations of brainstorming this contain three steps in team members working together. (Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, p. 25-327) However all theories and models which are develop in regard to team work manifest that working in a team could achieve much more than an individual working alone. And it is also interesting note that the word TEAM itself states that Together Everyone Achieves More. References Deshmukh U, Team Work in Work Place (https://www. buzzle. com/articles/teamw ork-in-the-workplace. html) Heathfield M 2008 What is a team 15 March 2010 (https://humanresources. about. com/ od/teambuilding/ f/teams_def. htm) Mc Shane, Olekalns Travaglione 2010, Organisational Behaviour Mc Graw –Hill Australia Pty Ltd Sorrow M ,Team Work Advantages and Disadvantages (https://ezinearticles. com/? Team-WorkAdvantages-and-Disadvantagesid=2147091) Team Effectiveness Model, (https://web. uvic. ca/hr/hrhandbook/organizdev/teammodel. pdf) Team design †¢ Task Characteristics †¢ Team Size †¢ Team Composition Organisational team environment †¢ Rewards †¢ Communication †¢ Organisational Structure †¢ Organisational Leadership †¢ Physical Space Team Processes †¢ Team Development †¢ Team Norms †¢ Team Cohesion †¢ Team Trust Team Effectiveness †¢ Accomplish Tasks †¢ Satisfy member needs †¢ Maintain team survival

Education Debate - 1299 Words

Archive Move Delete Spam More The school system in America is obviously flawed beyond belief. The fact that the government is trying to control the way schools are run is more detrimental than beneficial. The government is searching for answers to the problem in education in all the wrong places. As well as trying to implement negative solutions to the problems in education, the government also works hard to firmly stomp out all beneficial programs such as extracurriculars that are effective. One of the many solutions that the real â€Å"reformers† have put on the table is to cut class sizes. Children excel more when they have more one on one time with the teacher, as mentioned in Down the Rabbit hole as a solution. As schools†¦show more content†¦These issues are only for the parents, but the children will not be getting a better education either. When a school gets shut down, all of the kids need to find a new school and since many parents simply cannot afford private schools, they are forced to put their children in other public schools or charter schools, which both have a large amounts of negative aspects. Charter schools are only for children who cause no problems to the staff and can excel while any other child, who could have a learning disability or English as a second language, is either not accepted or strongly urged to leave. The problem with another public institution is that the school will most-likely become over-populated again due to the k ids moving from the shut down school to the new one. While this issue seems to be horribly stacked against students there is a way to fix this issue. The major solution is to cut class sizes. This solution allows for students to get the one- on-one time that they need with a teacher. In this way a teacher and lower the quantity of students at a time to increase the quality of education that the students get. Along with this solution, school funding needs to be reworked in a way that does not leave a school to simply die out. If a school is underperforming then thatShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over The Future Of Education Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate over the future of education in the United States rages on. The subject of education in the United States is an incredibly divisive one, and for good reason, due to the large and overreaching impacts education has on our society as a whole. Historically, the issue of education has been controversial in nature, one that begets passion, and prevents objective thinking from taking root. Past decisions remain heavily contested for their efficacy, and new ideas suffer the same fate. 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Movie Overview Sense and Sensibility Essay Example For Students

Movie Overview Sense and Sensibility Essay Throughout the film Sense and Sensibility, the use of body language, music, weather, and color, are clearly presented to the audience. The film is â€Å"a spirited and moving look at social mores and how disparate personalities dealt with them in early 19th century England† (Leonard Matlin). What makes the film the type that Matlin describes is the skillful use of the key elements. An example of the elements of body language and weather is shown in the scene when John Willoughby comes to the Dashwood house to pay his respect to Marianne, who is Elinor’s sister, after she had fallen the day before and â€Å"received particular spirit from his exterior attractions† (Austen 36). At the beginning of this scene, the weather is calm and the sky is bright. The chirping of birds is heard in the background, making the audience aware that it is a peaceful summer afternoon. The weather hints at a sentimental and peaceful time in the sister’s life and gives us the impression of an exciting scene to come. Before Willoughby arrives at the house, the girls are all preparing by dressing up, cleaning the house, and making sure their hair and face look presentable and intriguing. They see Willoughby as â€Å"a young man of good abilities, quick imagination, lively spirits, and open, affectionate manners,† (Austen 41) which is why they are working so hard to look decent for him. When they hear that he is walking up to the door, they are smiling and becoming anxious. As he finally walks into the house, the girls greet him at the same time with huge smiles. The actors do an incredible job of displaying their body language and facial expressions through movements and hand motions. Facial expressions are very prominent at this moment because the Dashwoods are not always smiling and cheerful, but at this exact moment, the audience can tell that they are eager and looking forward to what lays ahead. In this scene, Marianne is more excited to see Willoughby than she is Colonel Brandon. This is clear by the way she acts so underwhelmed at the sight of Brandon’s flowers, and then how surprised she is by Willoughby’s flowers even though it is clear that he had merely picked the flowers from a garden. She places Colonel Brandon’s flowers on the table, but then insists to have Willoughby’s flowers right next to her on the ledge. Through her body language and facial expressions, it is easy to see which man she is favoring and more intrigued by. Another scene in the movie that presents the elements of music and color is when Mrs. Jennings tells Marianne and Elinor that Edward Ferris is engaged to Lucy Steele. At the beginning of this scene, as Mrs. Jennings is running to the Dashwood house to tell them the news, there is music playing in the background that sounds very rushed and uneasy, which implies that there will be an important discovery or rumor. The colors are very blunt and dark, and both the sisters are wearing dull colored dresses, making the moment perfect because Elinor is grief-stricken and Marianne is confused and frustrated. After Mrs. Jennings tells the girls the news and leaves, Elinor â€Å" into violent hysterics immediately† (Austen 217), astounded to finally hear that the engagement is real. This scene is quite fast, but it is played out very well with the music choice at the beginning and the colors that the girls are wearing. Because of the presentation of these elements, the audience is able to recognize the grief and sorrow of the girls and can interpret the situation clearly. From the very beginning, the suspenseful music helped put the scene into play and made Mrs. Jennings’ actions more dramatic and sudden. In turn, the colors become all the more powerful in scenes that are tense and tragic. They help to bring together the emotional aspect of the scene and make known the grief that each girl is feeling. With dark colors we know it is not a pleasant time but more of a troubled, upset time. With light colors on the other hand, it is easy to predict happiness and joy. At this point, Marianne begins to cry and Elinor is the one to comfort her. Elinor unselfishly puts aside her emotions to comfort Marianne. The final scene includes elements of color, weather, and music. As Marianne takes a walk in the garden she is wearing a dark colored dress with a grey cardigan. During this whole scene, sorrowful and gentle music is played, giving the audience the feeling of grief and gratitude for Marianne. At the very beginning we can tell that Marianne is on a walk to clear her head and we also notice that she is sad and lonely by her dark colored clothes and the sad music. The weather is very dark and cloudy as it starts to thunder and lightning, then eventually starts pouring rain. This symbolizes the sadness Marianne is feeling about Willoughby and her broken heart. While walking up the hill towards Willoughby’s house, the wind and rain start to pick up and Marianne is soaking wet. When she reaches the top and sees Willoughby’s house, she â€Å"cries out the Shakespearean love sonnet that she and Willoughby had bonded over when they first met: ‘Let me not to the marriage of true minds/ Admit impediments. Love is not love/ Which alters when it alteration finds, /Or bends with the remover to remove: /O no! t is an ever-fixed mark /That looks on tempests and is never shaken; /It is the star to every wandering bark, /Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken. /Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks /Within his bending sickle’s compass come: /Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, /But bears it out even to the edge of doom. /If this be error and upon me proved, /I never writ, nor no ma n ever loved. ’ –William Shakespeare† (Shakespeares Sonnets) . This whole scene is very dramatic because in the end, Colonel Brandon comes to save her and carries her back to the house through the rain. In Space, No One Can Hear You Scream EssayElinor has qualities of sense, â€Å"reason, restraint, social responsibility, and a clear-headed concern for the welfare of others† (sparknotes) and shows this with her struggle to conceal her regards with Edward Ferris. Whereas Marianne has qualities of sensibility, â€Å"emotion, spontaneity, impulsiveness, and rapturous devotion† (sparknotes), and represents this by her open regards for Willoughby. These two qualities show a use of revelry in the value system, with â€Å"sense leading the mind to exercise prudence and ordered reason and sensibility relying on the intrinsic goodness of the emotions to provide moral direction† (Watson). The way each girl shows their love for these men, and their â€Å"attitudes toward the men they love, and how to express that love, reflect their opposite temperaments† (sparknotes) and really brings out each girl’s sense and sensibility. Edward’s moral development occurs gradually â€Å"from this initial stasis to a period of compulsory action as the revelation of his engagement to Lucy Steele forces him to reject his own dreams of happiness and his family’s ambitions for him in order to preserve his honor† (Watson). Edward ignores both sense and sensibility until he is freed from his engagement with Lucy Steel and rushes to propose to Elinor. This proposal unites sense and sensibility suggesting that â€Å"neither sense nor sensibility is independently adequate as a moral guide. Rather, happiness depends on one’s ability to balance these two qualities in the exercise of independent action† (Watson). A healthy marriage will guide Edward’s mutual improvement whereas an unhealthy relationship will result in a reversal of that improvement (Watson). Lastly, another passage in the book which is different in the film that can â€Å"add a deeper, visual understanding of the story, particularly within the theme of sensibility† (PerkAlert) is when Willoughby rescues Marianne in the rain. In general, Marianne is walking with her younger sister and it begins to rain and Marianne falls down and cannot get back up. Fortunately, Willoughby is nearby and aids her. In the novel, Willoughby rescues Marianne on foot, â€Å" gentleman carrying a gun, with two pointers playing round him, was passing up the hill and within a few yards of Marianne when her accident happened. He put down his gun and ran to her assistance† (Austen 35). In the movie, Willoughby is riding up on a white horse to rescue Marianne; this dramatic scene â€Å"is one of the movie’s vivid representations of Marianne’s thematic sensibility. Additionally, Margaret is almost â€Å"trampled† when the horse rears up, which seems to foreshadow how Willoughby later tramples Marianne’s heart with his betrayal† (PerkAlert). The movies portrayal of Willoughby and his horse represents the novels reference of Queen Mab, â€Å"ut Marianne, the horse is still yours, though you cannot use it now. I shall keep it only till you can claim it. When you leave Barton to form your own establishment in a more lasting home, Queen Mab shall receive you† (Austen 50). Marianne had to decline however in failure that their family could not afford the upkeep of a horse. The name Queen Mab â€Å"is an allusion to the imaginary â€Å"fairies’ midwife† from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, who rides her chariot across lovers’ brains to produce tantalizing dreams. Yet, these dreams, according to Mercutio, are â€Å"begot of nothing but fantasy† and are â€Å"more inconstant than the wind† (Act I, Scene iv)† (PerkAlert). With this evidence, the horse can very well represent Marianne’s relationship with Willoughby and how it is â€Å"a perfect fantasy that Marianne will never have† (PerkAlert). Toward the end of the film there is another rescue scene, but this time between Marianna and Colonel Brandon. Marianne steals away for a walk and gets caught in the rain, but continues to walk toward Willoughby’s estate and mourn the loss of her lover. Brandon must rescue Marianne, who’s senseless with sorrow. This scene is much simpler in the book, â€Å"there is no grief-stricken call out to Willoughby in the rain or dramatic rescue by Brandon† (PerkAlert), Marianna just takes several walks in the evening. The film effectively sums up Marianne’s suffering over Willoughby in one sense while in the novel. Marianne’s heart ache seems to last much longer. The act of Brandon saving Marianne in this final scene â€Å"labels Colonel Brandon as Marianne’s rescuer† (PerkAlert). This label is not in the book, but brings meaning to the film as it â€Å"draws visual romantic attention to Colonel Brandon’s unwavering love for Marianne† (PerkAlert). Bibliography: Ebert, Roger. Sense And Sensibility Movie Review (1995) | Roger Ebert.All Content. N.p., 13 Dec. 1995. Web. 11 Feb. 2015. Ferrà ¡s Wolwacz, Andrea. The Adaptation of Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen into a Film; Comments on Emma Thompson’s Diaries.Academia.edu. Academia, 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. PerkAlert. Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility: A Fresh Comparison.  The Artifice. N.p., 4 Mar. 2014. Web. 08 Feb. 2015. Sense and Sensibility.  SparkNotes. SparkNotes, 2015. Web. 09 Feb. 2015. Shakespeares Sonnets.  Shakespeares Sonnets. Oxquarry Books Ltd, 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. Stovel, Nora.  Nora Stovel. Jane Austen Society of Noth America, n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2015. Watson, Mary.  Mary Watson. Jane Austen Society of Noth America, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.

Oral Language Activities for Promoting an Understanding Essay Sample free essay sample

Oral linguistic communication is a cardinal facet of the future literacy of kids. as it goes a far manner toward advancing many of the accomplishments contained in reading. composing. and linguistic communication humanistic disciplines. The encouragement of unwritten linguistic communication in kids allows them to pattern their voice and verbal agreement accomplishments in an organic and real-world scene. Talking in order to be understood is kindred to composing for the intent of allowing others understand one’s ideas. In the same manner. hearing and decoding the significances contained in the unwritten communicating of others is similar to the cognitive exercising that goes on in the head while reading. Practice with unwritten linguistic communication. hence. gives a kid a head start in understanding the methods of reading comprehension and authorship. Oral linguistic communication is besides a method through which kids may larn incidental vocabulary. Bing exposed to linguistic communication in a existent life puting allows them to larn and utilize new words in an synergistic manner that is likely to advance memory and proper use. We will write a custom essay sample on Oral Language Activities for Promoting an Understanding Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This signifier of acquisition is kindred to the constructivist type of cognition that is advocated by such developmental psychologists as Vygotsky. Bruner and Piaget. The kid expands non merely his/her cognition of the linguistic communication. but besides the ability to show him-/herself. Children’s acquaintance with unwritten linguistic communication and the ability to show themselves in this manner requires that they develop a certain consciousness of the different phonemes that exist within the linguistic communication. Such unwritten linguistic communication accomplishments besides require that kids be able to understand the differences among the array of phonemes and be able to blend and pull strings them to make apprehensible sounds. This is the really beginning of phonemic consciousness. and hence unwritten linguistic communication pattern helps the kid develop accomplishments that will subsequently be required in phonics direction ( Lesaux. 2006 ) . Diversity instruction has a linguistic communication constituent. as cultural differences besides come out in the idioms that kids are likely to hear and talk ( Colquit. 1975 ) . It is frequently the instance that dialects highlight the variableness that frequently exists within the phonetics of a linguistic communication ( particularly English ) . Exposure to unwritten linguistic communication gives kids the opportunity to hear similar words being spoken in different ways. and this allows them to convey a kind of verbal flexibleness to the acquisition of reading. Such flexibleness is good. as it is frequently the instance that phoneme permutation ( particularly for English vowels such characters as g and degree Celsius ) AIDSs in the pronunciation of slippery words. In-class reading and comprehension direction may besides include an unwritten linguistic communication constituent. Read-alouds promote the hearing and attending accomplishments that are of import for children’s comprehension and the development of the ability to transport out instructions. It besides aids in patterning to kids how reading should sound. and this gives them a benchmark for emulation in their ain reading. Finally. read-alouds are a signifier of unwritten linguistic communication pattern that promote reading as a merriment and gratifying activity that is worth making even when the kid is entirely. Phonemic consciousness and phonological consciousness are footings that have to make with cognitive consciousness and accomplishment development of kids ( and grownups ) as it regards the development of linguistic communication accomplishments. Phonemic consciousness is defined as the comprehension of the fact that different sounds exist within a linguistic communication and a acquaintance with the nature of those differences. It besides includes the ability to separate these separate address sounds one from another ( Reutzel A ; Cooter. 2005 ) . This signifier of consciousness is what is present when one understands that the sounds contained in different words. such as â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no. † are so separate and hence distinguish the words from each other. Phonemes are sounds. and kids who have a basic apprehension of them and how they work are considered as being phonemically cognizant. Since phonemes differ from letters. phonemic consciousness must predate phonic s direction. as it is the footing upon which such direction must be built. Phonological consciousness is a broader term that encompasses a great trade that has to make with sounds and the use of those sounds within a linguistic communication. The term phonological refers to the sounds that exist within a certain linguistic communication. and while phonemes represent the simplest sounds. phonemics encompasses all sounds ( Reutzel A ; Cooter. 2005 ) . Therefore. while phonemic consciousness would be concerned with the sound /s/ that corresponds to the character found at the beginning of the word â€Å"soap. † phonological consciousness is concerned with that every bit good as the other features of its sound. This might include. for illustration. how â€Å"soap† might rime with other words or the figure of syllables one hears when the word is spoken. Other phonological facets of linguistic communication may include the perennial usage of similar oncomings within a sentence or poetry ( initial rhyme ) or the sounds used in a verse form that corre spond to natural sounds within the environment ( onomatopoeia ) . Phonemic consciousness provides a foundation upon which the alphabetic rule might be laid. This rule denotes the development of an ability to do connexions between sounds found within a linguistic communication ( phonemes ) and letters contained within its alphabet. Association and use these sounds make the alphabet rule an built-in portion of developing within ( and spring-boarding from ) the wide country of phonological consciousness. This rule includes the apprehension that words are made up of symbols ( letters or characters ) that represent the sounds of the linguistic communication. Substitution of sounds for these letters is a method of decrypting the linguistic communication. A good appreciation of these facets of linguistic communication promotes greater ability to read and understand text. Bringing these three facets together creates a wide spectrum of understanding for the kid and gives him/her an array of accomplishments that are necessary to the edifice a strong linguistic communication foundation. It begins with phonemic consciousness. which is confined to the kingdom of understanding the differences between single phonemes. Phonological consciousness goes beyond this to include larger types of sounds. such as syllables. oncomings. frosts. and whole words. This type of consciousness points out similarities and differences within words that will help the memorisation of certain conventions of the linguistic communication. The alphabetic rule physiques on these by supplying a codification through which linguistic communication can be translated from the kingdom of unwritten into the kingdom of written. Mentions Colquit. J. L. ( 1975 ) . â€Å"Oral Language Activities for Promoting an Understanding and Appreciation of Dialectal Differences. †Clearing House. 49 ( 3 ) : 135-38. Lesaux. N. K. ( 2006 ) . â€Å"Diversity and development: advancing early literacy accomplishments in ELL’s. †Reading First Conference.Sturbridge. Ma: Harvard Graduate School of Education. Available: World Wide Web. Department of Energy. mass. edu/read/presentations/lesaux_readingfirst. pps Reutzel. D. R. A ; R. B. Cooter. ( 2005 ) .The necessities of learning kids to read.Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.

Banning the use of Tobacco

Banning the use of Tobacco Introduction Tobacco is a product of a species of plant that has nicotine content. Harvested as leaves of that particular plant, tobacco can be used to control pests or even as medicine.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Banning the use of Tobacco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is however widely used as a drug through smoking, snuffing, chewing among others. This paper seeks to support the banning of the use of tobacco. The paper will give reasons in support of the opinion. Why the use of Tobacco should be Banned Tobacco and cardiovascular diseases Tobacco like many other drugs has varied side effects that call for the control of its use. These negative impacts are manifested in individuals and ends up costing lives in the long run. One of the reasons why tobacco should be banned is its danger in relation to cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are complications that are associated with the heart and b lood vessels in the body such as arteries which carry blood to body parts. Once a cardiovascular disease is induced in a person, it manifests in different ways causing threats to a person’s health and thus life. A significant percentage of heart complications related deaths have, for example, been associated with tobacco smoking with reports ranging this value at about thirty percent. One of the contents of tobacco, carbon monoxide, has for example been identified to have an impact on the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Consequently, a person who is under the influence of tobacco will suffer from insufficient supply of oxygen to vital body parts that include the â€Å"heart, lungs, brain and other vital body organs† (Wvdhhr 1). The nicotine content of tobacco also induces increased â€Å"heart beat rate and blood pressure† (Wvdhhr 1) as a result, the blood circulatory system is over worked and exposed to risks of being damaged.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This in the long run results in cases such as â€Å"heart attacks, high blood pressure, blood clots, strokes, hemorrhages† (Wvdhhr 1) among other disorders. A person who smokes is thus endangered by a number of complications that will negatively hinder the person’s operations and subsequently his or her life due to malfunctioning body parts. These effects can be easily transferred to aspects such as economic instability of the tobacco victim and immediate family members if the victim was the sole bread winner and is put down by such cardiovascular complications. A government’s responsibility over the welfare of its citizens therefore calls for a step to control such cardiovascular complications and subsequent impacts and one of the primary ways to do this is by banning the consumption of tobacco. Tobacco and cancers Another reason why tobacco sho uld be banned is because of its effect in causing a number of cancers in the body. Cancer is characterized by an induced growth of malignant cells in a person’s body. These cancerous growths also have an effect of malfunctioning of specified body organs despite the level of pain that might be associated with it. Tobacco smoking has been identified to; for example, cause about â€Å"ninety percent of laryngeal cancer and lung cancer and a significant percentage of oral, esophageal and stomach cancers† (Tobacco 1). Once the cancerous cells start to grow in the body parts, they impair the parts and might even spread causing wounds in the body with subsequent dangers such as death. Lung cancer will, for example, be characterized with growth of foreign cells in the lungs and a corresponding damage of the normal cells. As a result, the normal functionality of the lungs such as the absorption of oxygen into the body and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the body will be impaired. Respiratory processes that require oxygen and are necessary for cellular activities of the body will therefore be compromised.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Banning the use of Tobacco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stomach cancer may also impair digestive processes and subsequent poor supply of nutrients to the body. The other cancers such as oral or esophageal may also be associated with a level of pain that can even discourage an individual from eating. As a result, there will be poor nutritional habit in a victim of these cancers due to insufficient supply of nutrients to the body cells and subsequent insufficient energy generated by the body. Tobacco therefore with respect to its induced cancers affects the functionality of body organs and the overall health of an individual. These complications have been associated with significant percentage of premature deaths among tobacco users (Tobacco 1). To bacco and Addiction Another reason for alarm over the use of tobacco is the threat of addiction that it poses to its users. Like in cases of other drugs, and induced by its nicotine content, tobacco compels its users into addiction which makes them to even overlook the side effects that the drug has in their lives. Following the addiction, individual addicts together with help that they receive from social society is not sufficient to help them out of the drug. The only viable control is thus an authoritative step to ban the drug (Dugdale 1). Conclusion The use of tobacco is identifiably unhealthy following its risks to the user’s health that is then spread to other members of the society through social and economic costs. Since the drug is addictive, individual users can not easily and willingly stop the consumption the drug. The significant control measure therefore lies in banning usage of the drug. Dugdale, David. Drug dependence. NCBI, 20101. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tobacco. Dangers of tobacco. Tobacco Facts, n.d. Web. tobacco-facts.info/dangers_of_tobacco.htm Wvdhhr. Tobacco and CVD. WVDHHR, n.d. Web. wvdhhr.org/bph/cvd/page1.htm

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essayThe population of our planet is aging rapidly: every second, two people in the world celebrate their sixtieth birthday. Over the past 30 years, the population aged 60 and older has doubled, while by 2050 its share is expected to double again (UNESC, 2012). According to The National Alliance for Caregiving data (2009), persons aged 65 or older make 13% of the United States population, and this figure may grow up to 19% already by 2030. The growing number of elderly people is explained by the improved quality of health care, intensive progress of medicine, advances in health surveillance, as well as expanding access to education and economic prosperity. The opportunity to live a long life is obviously a triumph of human development, however, the rapid aging of population brings with it many new challenges, one of which is the necessity to provide adequate caregiving for the elderly people.In its essence, aging is quite a natural, gradual extinction of the work of all human organs and systems, including nervous. The transformation in the psyche affect the behavior, prevent an elderly person from coping with life challenges, reduce flexibility and mental alertness, give rise to a predisposition toward conservatism and idealization of the past. In some cases, specific conditions get attached, including intellectual impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, which significantly complicates the lives of both care recipients and caregivers. Misunderstanding of the processes that occur in the body of their old relative or friend generates many conflicts in caregivers, while assuming an obligation to care for an elderly person always has an open-ended term. At the same time, in contrast to children who, with very few exceptions, exchange parent care for independent personal life, over the years, the elderly often become even more and more dependent on those who care for them. Further, in this paper we will review recent re searches on inner caregiving conflicts to understand their nature, underlying reasons, as well as major consequences.Identifying caregivers: gender, intergenerational and interfamily relationsToday, caregivers generally make up to 29% of the U.S. adult population (The National Alliance for Caregiving, 2009), while 43.5 million adult caregivers care for someone aged older that 50, and about 15 million care for someone who has Alzheimer’s disease or other dementia (Alzheimer’s Association, 2011). Among them, 68% are female caregivers, averagely aged 48 (The National Alliance for Caregiving, 2009). Indeed, a number of researches (Holstein et al., 2010; Kramer Thompson, 2002; Lahaie et al., 2013) state that male caregivers are less prone to providing personal care, while Lee and Tang (2013) study suggests that the situation may change in the nearest future due to a variety of newly emergent social and demographic factors. Thus, Lee and Tang (2013) confirmed that contempor ary men are sharing more caregiving tasks than a decade ago, still, according to Lahaie et al. (2013) women still bear the key burden of care. In particular, the comparison of caregiving tasks performed by men and women in elderly married couples shows that 24% of husbands helped their wives to get dressed compared to 28% of female caregivers, and only 16% of husbands helped with bathing versus 30% of wives (Lahaie et al., 2013; p. 254-56). Other studies (Brannen Petite, 2008; Brank Wylie, 2014; The National Alliance for Caregiving, 2009) have also demonstrated that about 36% of female caregivers handle the most difficult caregiving tasks (e.g., bathing and toileting) compared to 24% of male caregivers, who, in their turn, are more inclined to help with household budget, arrange care or even hire assistance. Generally, according to Lee and Tang (2013), female caregivers also show to spend more time providing care (21.9 hours per week vs. 17.4 by male caregivers).A number of studie s also signify the influence of age differences on the type and degree of conflict experiences by comparing the quality of care provided in intergenerational and intermarriage relations. In particular, many elderly spouses show greater sincerity in helping one another, and according to Kwak et al. (2012) reports, are satisfied with much more areas of their lives, compared with their adult children. Their emotional investment makes them feel more involved, but at the same time less burdened. They also rarely put their spouse in a rest home, in comparison to what adult children would prefer to do.Meanwhile, as it was marked above in Kramer and Thompson (2002) and Lahaie et al. (2013) research, wives typically experience greater responsibility for performing caregiving tasks than their husbands, while, a recent study by Lee and Tang (2013) found that husbands who face the role of caregivers showed higher levels of anxiety than women, possibly due to the fact that they were less familia r with this role. Perhaps for the same reason a portion of husbands in research showed to feel satisfaction as now they get an opportunity to reward their wives for all the care they received from them in the past. In contrast, wives who have spent a lifetime caring for children and elderly parents may experience the state of anger and resentment, having found themselves in a position where they must once again take responsibility on their shoulders (Lahaie et al., 2013; Brannen Petite, 2008; Lee Tang, 2013).Indeed, practice reveals that facing caregiving for the elderly parents, adult daughters, at least in the US population samples, feel a greater sense of duty to provide care and take on a caregiver’s role, then adult sons and adult daughters’ own husbands. Suffering a deep role conflict, â€Å"women in the middle†, as Kramer and Thompson (2002) defined them, are often unable to perform professional and family duties properly to combine them with the intens ive care provision. As a consequence, adult caregiving daughters more often leave their jobs to take care of their parents and start paying less attention to their husbands (Lahaie et al., 2013; Brannen Petite, 2008; Lee Tang, 2013).Another painful intergenerational family conflict includes sibling rivalry issues, when one of the siblings refuses to care for the elderly parent, criticizes the caregiver, or generates strained connections. The cause of sibling friction consists in reviving old relationship patterns and unresolved childhood tensions, sharpened by the newly created pressure of caregiving responsibility. In this case, according to Willyard et al. (2008), adult children start replaying their historical family roles and long forgotten dynamics of competition for parent’s attention. Besides, tensions may intensify in cases when one sibling is unable to accept the reality of parents’ aging problems, and thus distances from caregiving involvement. As a result, typically, only one sibling takes the leading role in care giving, which, however, may depend on non-family-related factors, such as closeness to parents’ house, absence of work and own family (Willyard et al., 2008, p. 1678). Regardless of the reasons, this conflict can lead to situation where one sibling is highly overburdened and the other one feels left out.In this perspective, intergenerational caregiving is found to become less stressful if the caregiving adult has a life partner. According to Bialon and Coke (2012) studies, married caregivers receive greater support and are less likely to suffer from depression than those without a partner. Besides, comparing families where caregivers were living with their elderly parents and families living separately, Brank and Wylie (2014) found that in the latter case the intergenerational partnership was significantly more strained, while those living together considered their caregiving activities natural.However, having applie d multi-factor models, experts (Brank Wylie, 2014; Bialon Coke, 2012; Holstein et al., 2010; Kwak et al., 2012; Willyard et al., 2008) came up to the common conclusion that it is insignificant who is providing care in particular, the elderly wife, husband, adult daughter or son. Instead, it is much more important to know the extent of the emotional connection between the caregiver and care recipient, and the approximate balance of one’s inquiries and resources in the key areas of life including physical, household and social spheres, employment status and financial position, as well as which particular costs are paid by caregiver’s sacrifice.Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay   part 2

Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812 Coursework

Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812 - Coursework Example Britain blocked American shipping vessels in order to stop supply of goods to France. France also imposed trade restrictions on neutral countries prohibiting trade with Britain. Britain’s impressment actions, which entailed forcing Americans to work on the British ships, also angered the Americans. The Royal Navy searched American ships for illegal goods and deserters who left the Royal Navy to work in American ships. In addition, Britain supported the Native American communities to resist American westward expansion. Thomas Jefferson sought to protect US interests by restricting trade with both Britain and France through the Embargo Act (Ward, 254). However, this act was very unpopular as it hurt severely the American economy. A group of new congress members, ‘the War Hawks’ put more pressure on President Madison to declare war on Britain. The war produced mixed results for America (Ward, 244). The Ghent peace treaty did not resolve the impressment problems and enhance maritime rights. However, American victories in the Atlantic was a sign of American future power. The War was a loss to the ‘War Hawks’ who hoped for annexation of Canada. The big losers were First Nations and Tecumseh who hoped to end American